It is simpler to assume the same function for all instances of 為 in the analogues of 精诚所至金石为开 (Occam's razor)...a more complicated hypothesis need be justified by arguments as to how it is possible, profitable or imperative.
(1) possible: Does the interpretation make sense in terms of semantics and syntax?
(2) imperative/profitable: Does the context or discourse call for a specific interpretation of 為? Or does the interpretation better fit the context or discourse?
(1) possible:
開 'to separate, to break apart' is an ambitransitive verb. For example:《隋書》開(transitive)天闢地 vs.《初學記》天開(intransitive)地闢。
為 can be pronounced in Mandarin as wei4 meaning 'for; because of; for the sake of' (e.g.,《芋老人傳》生為之飽), or as wei2 meaning 'by' (preposition; e.g.,《資治通鑑》為操所先) or 'then' (conjunction; e.g.,《論語》無義為盜)。
It is thus grammatically possible for 為開 to mean 'then would break apart', and 為之開 to mean 'to break apart for him; to break apart because of him'.
(2) imperative/profitable: Obviously, not all analogues of the saying have the same wording. A careful examination of the respective contexts is therefore required.
For instance:
Context 1 [+initiation]:
Agentive subject, with an unergrative verb describing an action
initiated by the subject.
韓嬰《韓詩外傳·卷六》勇士一呼而三軍(agentive subject)皆避 (unergrative), 士之誠也。昔者, 楚熊渠子夜行, 寢石以為伏虎, 彎弓而射之, 沒金飲羽, 下視, 知其為石。石(agentive subject)為之開(unergrative), 而況人乎!
==> "而況人乎" stipulates a parallel: 三軍 or 人(subject) is the agent of the unergrative action 避, and by analogy 石 (subject) is the agent of the verb 開. 石為之開 parallels 人(agentive subject)為之避(unergrative). Therefore, in the clause 石為之開, 之 cannot bear an agent thematic relation and, instead, has to take the role of beneficiary (e.g., for the sake of him) or cause (e.g., because of him). Please note that 避 and 開 belong to the semantic domain of "to be apart from each other" and are able to form a compound "避開".
Context 2 [-initiation][+result]:
patientive subject with an unaccusative verb expressing a happening that
results in a new state.
《西京雑記》李廣與兄弟共獵於冥山之北, 見卧虎焉, 射之, 一矢即斃。斷其髑髏以為枕, 示服猛也; 鑄銅象其形為溲器, 示厭辱之也。他日復獵於冥山之陽, 又見卧虎, 射之, 沒矢飲羽。進而視之, 乃石也, 其形類虎。退而更射(cause), 鏃(patientive subject)破(anticausative, effect)簳(patientive subject)折(anticausative, effect)而石(patientive subject)不傷(anticausative, effect)。餘嘗以問楊子云, 子云曰: 至誠則金石(patientive subject)為開(stative passive, effect)。餘應之曰: 昔人有遊東海者, 既而風惡船漂不能制, 船隨風浪, 莫知所之。一日一夜得至一孤洲, 其侶歡然, 下石植纜, 登洲煮食(cause)食未熟而洲沒, 在船者斫斷其纜, 船復漂盪, 曏者孤洲, 乃大魚(patient), 怒掉揚鬣吸波吐浪而去(effect), 疾如風雲, 在洲死者十餘人。又餘所知陳縞, 質木人也, 入終南山採薪還, 晚趨舍, 未至, 見張丞相墓前石馬, 謂為鹿也, 即以斧撾之, 斧(patientive subject)缺(anticausative, effect)柯(patientive subject)折(anticausative, effect), 石馬(patientive subject)不傷(anticausative, effect)。此二者亦至誠也, 卒有沈溺缺斧之事(effect), 何金石(patientive subject)之所感偏(nominalized anticausative, effect)乎? 子云無以應餘。
==> The entire discourse, which gives an account of whether some external forces (e.g., 射石虎, 煮食, 射石馬) cause or fail to cause the patients (e.g., 石虎, 大魚, 石馬) to come to a new resulting state (e.g., 傷 in 石虎不傷; 去 in 大魚波吐浪而去; 傷 in 石馬不傷; 開 in 金石為開), frequently puts the patients in the foreground (i.e, has the thematic patients serve as the grammatical subjects). Given that 金石 is a patientive subject in this context, 開 may be either a passive like 毀 in 石馬被毀 (cf. "
broken" in "
The window was broken") or an anticausative like 傷 in 石馬不傷 (cf. "
broke" in "
The window broke"). Which one? From the viewpoint of parallelism, it strongly suggests an anticausative reading parallel to such expressions in the text as 鏃(patient)破(anticausative), 簳(patient)折(anticausative), 石(patient)不傷(anticausative), 斧(patient)缺(anticausative), 柯(patient)折(anticausative), 石馬(patient)不傷(anticausative), and 金石(patient)之所感偏(nominalized anticausative), against a dynamic passive reading like 眼為開 in《饋佩之新筍用前韻》客路逢師眼為開 ("
my eyes were opened"). From the syntactic point of view however, it suggests a passive reading due to coexistence of 則 and 為 and lack of an object (e.g., 之) in "則金石為開". Since there is already a 則, 為 cannot be interpreted as 則, and yet since there is no object (e.g., 之), it cannot be interpreted as "
for;
for the sake of;
for the benefit of;
because of". My solution to the dilemma is a stative passive (aka 'false passive') like "
separated" in "
We are separated" (marital status), which expresses a result state as do those anticausative verbs in the same text.
Technically, 為 (a passive marker) does not always equate 被 (a dynamic-passive marker), but for lack of a better word or for the sake of brevity we may loosely claim 為 = 被 here to signal it is a passive marker.
Context 3 [-volition][+change]:
patientive subject with a decausative verb expressing a
change of state without presupposition of a cause.
《初刻拍案驚奇第九卷:宣徽院仕女鞦韆會,清安寺夫婦笑啼緣》有一個父母許了又悔的, 也弄得死了活轉來。一念堅貞, 終成夫婦, 留下一段佳話, 名曰《秋千會記》。正是: 精誠所至, 金石為開, 貞心不寐, 死後重諧。The story in《初刻拍案驚奇第九卷》concerns an engaged couple who were separated by the female party's family, resulting in a tragic suicide for love, and who finally got reunited and happily married after the dead partner miraculously came back to life. The story starts with "話說人世婚姻前定" and ends with "若不是生前分定, 幾曾有死後重歡", spelling out the crux of the story--Marriage is predestined. By fate or by divine will? It doesn't say. In the story, the couple demonstrated 堅貞/精誠 towards each other and then something unforeseen happened--"金石為開", metaphorically referring to the opening of the door to the afterlife to allow the dead partner back to life. 堅貞/精誠 as the non-volitional cause for breaking the 鬼門/金石 open is implied but never explicitly articulated. Without explicit identification of the clause, we cannot take it for granted because the author's thesis statement is "Marriage is predestined." If it is predestined, whether there is 精誠 or not would not "cause" a difference.
==> Again, given that 金石 is a patientive subject in this context, 開 may be either a passive (like "
broken" in "
The door was broken") or a decausative (like "
The door broke"). The difference between the two lies in a clear presupposition of a causation agent in the passive. The decausative reading better fits the context because the author has cleverly evaded mention of the agent that caused the resurrection. Thus, I interpret "精誠所至, 金石為開" as a condition-result sentence, rather than a cause-effect sentence.
精誠所至 (condition), 金石為(= 則)開 (result)
金石为开...这里的“为”读作wéi,而词典中的“为之开裂”的“为”读作wèi,意思是“为了……”、 for the sake of 。
Is it?
“金石為開”語出漢‧劉向《新序‧雜事四》:“熊渠子見其誠心,而金石為之開,況人心乎?”
Apparently it's a preposition/coverb that takes an object. But 《成语大词典》 specifically notes that “为”此处不读wèi.
提取成语的时候,换个词(wèi 换成 wéi)也属正常。所以,我仍坚持认为“为”是“则”,而不是“被”。
It is simpler to assume the same function for all instances of 為 in the analogues of 精诚所至金石为开 (Occam's razor). It is even more so after the explicit injunction...This line of argument would then need to;
1. disprove 成语大词典 somehow
Did you look it up in 成语大词典? I tried to download it but failed. 成语词典s are typically organized as such (e.g., 包括注音、释义、出处、例句、近义、反义、辨析、提示、用法、连用等):
以攻为守
〖读音〗yǐ gōng wéi shǒu
〖释义〗攻:进攻。守:防守,防御。指用主动进攻的策略来达到防御的目的。
〖辨析〗为,此处不读“wèi”。
〖实例〗为
OR
以攻为守:
拼音:yǐ gōng wéi shǒu
注音:ㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄙ ㄨㄟˊ ㄕㄡˇ
发音:
成语繁体:以攻為守
常用程度:常用成语
感情色彩:中性成语
成语结构:偏正式成语
产生年代:古代成语
近义词:以退为进、以屈求伸
反义词:以守为攻
成语用法: 偏正式;作谓语、状语、宾语;用于战斗、政治等
成语解释: 以:凭借;用。用主动进攻的战略作为积极防御的措施。
成语出处: 宋 陈亮《酌古论 先主》:“且吾又闻之,用兵之道,有攻法,有守法,此用兵之常也;以攻为守,以守为攻,此兵之变也。”
成语正音:为,不能读作“wèi”。
成语辨形:攻,不能写作“功”。
成语例子: 在这次足球比赛中,主队采取了以攻为守的战术。
英语翻译:attack in order to defend
“为, 此处不读wèi" is typically listed under the category of 辨析 or 成语正音, meant to prescribe the pronunciation of the idiom itself. As I see it, “为, 此处不读wèi" is specifically for the idiom 金石为开, not specifically for 金石为之开 in the 出处section (e.g., 語出漢‧劉向《新序‧雜事四》熊渠子見其誠心,而金石為之開,況人心乎?). From the conversation between tinsh and ktdd, it seemed to me that tinsh thought so as well.