In Poland the word"szwajcar" (Swiss man) was used until 100 years ago about a uniformed employee serving as a door guard or receptionist.
Cossack was originally a name of social status and occupation. Cossacks lived in territories that are now South Ukraine, but in XVI to XVII century were beyond any state jurisdiction. They were recruited from neighbouring states and were mostly escapees from serfdom. They lived of fishing, farming and robbery of surrounding territory. On some point of history they began to enlist as professional mercenary soldiers.
In French to: un Suisse may be a Swiss Gard.
"Tatar" apparently meant "a mounted messenger" in Persian, but it's certainly *not* the origin of the ethnonym (which was definitely already attested in both Chinese chronicles and Old Turkic runic inscriptions in the 1st millenium a.d.).
In Russian only the meaning "doorman" of the German word has survived. Unlike German, Russian also contrasts "a doorman" (Shveytsár) and "a Swiss male" (Shveytsárets, from Shveytsáriya "Switzerland").
The name "Tatar" has been used by different peoples about different peoples throughout of history. The oldest usage (before Genghis Khan era) was about a nomadic people living close to Mongols, but of uncertain origin (or mixed). Under the Mongol invasions against Europe "Mongol" and "Tatar" were used about the invaders by the Europeans. In England they were called "Tartars". Today "Tatar" is used about a Turkic people living for a long time in the Crimea and surrounding territories, deported to Siberia by Stalin, partially allowed to return by Khrushchov, and chased out again after the Russian annexion of Crimea.
Today 'Tatar' is an endonym for several ethnic groups, most notably Crimean Tatars and Kazan Tatars (with closely affiliated with the latter but still distinct Siberian Tatars and a loose conglomerate of Astrakhan Tatars). The endonym of the Khakas people, Tadar, must be also connected etymologically (the intervocal voicing is regular in Khakas). There is also the 'Tatar' tribe among the tribal part of Uzbeks, as well as the Tatar clan in the Awat tribe of the Kyrghyz people. All those, obviously, come from the Mongol era, sometimes by an exonym becoming an endonym (which is well attested for Kazan Tatars, at least for the core part; Mishars might have started to use it as an endonym earlier).
By contamination with the Greek Tartarus "underworld, hell").
Never heard of Théodore Apoulos before, and the internetz gives 0 results!
Bohemianism is the practice of an unconventional lifestyle, often in the company of like-minded people and with few permanent ties.
In the Middle Ages even the contemporary ethnonym of Greeks (Hellenes/Έλληνες) had a religious meaning, i.e. it used to mean followers of the ancient Greek religion.
In Greek, we have "μποέμ" (masc.) [bo'em] and "μποέμισσα" (fem.) [bo'emisa], a French loanword, to describe a person who lives a cheerful and carefree life, indifferent to social conventions.
Cf. Russian богема (bogéma) "Bohemianist circles" (from French "boheme"), the meaning of which during the 20th century gradually evolved from ~"indigent people of art living an unorganized, careless life" to ~"eccentric and spoiled people of art".
Geographically, Czechia consists of Bohemia (western part) and Moravia (eastern part), isn't it?
The modern day Czech Republic, yes. Still, Slavic languages commonly refer to historical Bohemia as Chekhiya/Češka/Czechy etc.
True, until reality hit hard after the capture of Constantinople by the crusaders of the 4th Crusade, the dissolution of the empire and the creation of the successor states of Nicaea, Trabzon (Trapezous) & Epirus.
By the way, in Russian "ломбард" (lombárd [ɫɐm'bart]) means "pawnshop".
In French too : cordonnier (shoemaker) comes from Cordoue (Córdoba, Spain).
If I remember rightly this is why you can be said to be 'lumbered' with debt.
