I think you could, indeed, dedicate a chapter to capitalization. In fact, that's the way it was done in my grammar books when I was in school: there was a chapter each for capitalization and punctuation.
There are quite a few rules for capitalization in English. Off the top of my head, I can think of the following:
-first word in a sentence
-first word in a direct quote
-the pronoun I
-proper nouns (with many, many subcategories)
-proper adjectives
-titles preceding a name ("Mr. John Smith," "President George W. Bush," "Uncle Sam," etc.)
-common acronyms (NASA, FBI, USA, etc.)
I find it peculiar that the first of these rules should be included under punctuation.