I wouldn't say that first names are used, in this way, but spouses are still introduced during certain types of speeches. For instance, at a benefit, major donors might be thanked (i.e. "We'd like to thank Mr. and Mrs. Walton for their generous contributions. We'd like to thank Dr. and Mrs. [or Dr. and Mr., to be a bit more modern] Albritton for their time and effort to organize donors and seek out community support for this facility.") I have heard the full name used on rare occasions, during this type of speech, but it always sounds odd.
As cuchu said, it is quite old-fashioned to refer to a woman by her husband's full name (Mrs. George Washington), and I suppose you might hear it in a retirement home.
The reason that women were traditionally referred to by their husband's (or father's) name is quite simple, though. The man of the house traditionally had legal and financial responsibility for the house and its affairs. Women have been able to vote in the US for less than a century, and oftentimes legal affairs were tied to property ownership, and only men could own property in certain states. Though laws vary by district, state, province, and country, my understanding is that laws were somewhat similar in nature throughout most English-speaking countries.